Ma sola ambiri omwe amaphimba madenga, minda, ndi zipululu masiku ano ali ndi zinthu zomwezi: crystalline silicon.Zinthuzo, zopangidwa kuchokera ku polysilicon yaiwisi yaiwisi, zimawumbidwa kukhala zopyapyala ndikumangidwira mawaya m'maselo adzuwa, zida zomwe zimatembenuza kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi.Posachedwapa, kudalira kwamakampani paukadaulo wapaderawu kwakhala vuto.Supply chain botolotsakuchedwakukhazikitsa kwatsopano kwa sola padziko lonse lapansi.Otsatsa akuluakulu a polysilicon kudera la Xinjiang ku China -akuimbidwa mlandu wokakamiza anthu a ku Uyghur- akukumana ndi zilango zamalonda zaku US.
Mwamwayi, crystalline silicon sizinthu zokha zomwe zingathandize kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa.Ku United States, asayansi ndi opanga akuyesetsa kukulitsa luso laukadaulo wa solar cadmium telluride.Cadmium telluride ndi mtundu wa "filimu yopyapyala" ya solar cell, ndipo, monga dzinalo likusonyezera, ndiyoonda kwambiri kuposa selo lakale la silicon.Masiku ano, mapanelo ogwiritsira ntchito cadmium telluridekupereka pafupifupi 40 peresentiya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi wogwiritsa ntchito ku US, komanso pafupifupi 5 peresenti ya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi wa solar.Ndipo adzapindula ndi mphepo yamkuntho yomwe ikuyang'anizana ndi makampani akuluakulu a dzuwa.
"Ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri, makamaka ya crystalline silicon supply chain," atero a Kelsey Goss, katswiri wofufuza za dzuwa ku gulu lazamagetsi la Wood Mackenzie."Pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwa opanga ma cadmium telluride kutenga nawo gawo pamsika mchaka chomwe chikubwera."Makamaka, adazindikira, popeza gawo la cadmium telluride likukula kale.
M'mwezi wa June, wopanga dzuwa Woyamba Solar adati ziterondalama zokwana $680 miliyonimu fakitale yachitatu ya cadmium telluride solar kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Ohio.Malowa akamaliza, mu 2025, kampaniyo ikwanitsa kupanga ma gigawati 6 a solar mderali.Ndizokwanira kulamulira nyumba pafupifupi 1 miliyoni zaku America.Kampani ina yochokera ku Ohio, Toledo Solar, idalowa pamsika posachedwa ndipo ikupanga mapanelo a cadmium telluride padenga la nyumba.Ndipo mu June, US Department of Energy ndi National Renewable Energy Laboratory, kapena NREL,adayambitsa pulogalamu ya $ 20 miliyonikufulumizitsa kafukufuku ndikukulitsa njira zoperekera cadmium telluride.Chimodzi mwazolinga za pulogalamuyi ndikuthandizira kuyika msika wa solar waku US kuchokera kuzovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ofufuza ku NREL ndi First Solar, omwe kale ankatchedwa Solar Cell Inc., agwira ntchito limodzi kuyambira koyambirira kwa 1990s kuti apangeteknoloji ya cadmium telluride.Cadmium ndi telluride ndi zinthu zomwe zimasungunula zinc ores ndikuyenga mkuwa, motsatana.Pomwe zowotcha za silicon zimalumikizidwa palimodzi kuti zipange ma cell, cadmium ndi telluride zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wosanjikiza wopyapyala - pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a mainchesi a tsitsi la munthu - pagalasi, pamodzi ndi zida zina zoyendetsera magetsi.First Solar, yomwe panopa ndi kampani yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yopanga mafilimu oonda kwambiri, yapereka mapanelo oti aziikirapo mphamvu ya dzuwa m’mayiko 45.
Ukadaulowu uli ndi zabwino zina kuposa silicon ya crystalline, adatero wasayansi wa NREL Lorelle Mansfield.Mwachitsanzo, filimu yopyapyala imafuna zipangizo zochepa kusiyana ndi njira yopangira mkate.Ukadaulo wamakanema owonda nawonso ndiwoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapanelo osinthika, monga omwe amaphimba zikwama zam'mbuyo kapena ma drones kapena ophatikizidwa muzomangamanga ndi mazenera.Chofunika kwambiri, mapanelo apakanema amakanema amachita bwino pakutentha kotentha, pomwe mapanelo a silicon amatha kutentha kwambiri ndikukhala osachita bwino popanga magetsi, adatero.
Koma crystalline silicon ili ndi mphamvu m'malo ena, monga momwe amachitira bwino - kutanthauza kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe mapanelo amayamwa ndikusandulika kukhala magetsi.M'mbuyomu, mapanelo a silicon akhala akugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuposa ukadaulo wa cadmium telluride, ngakhale kusiyana kukucheperachepera.18 mpaka 22 peresenti, pamene First Solar yanena kuti imagwira ntchito bwino pa 18 peresenti pazitsulo zake zatsopano zamalonda.
Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe silicon yalamulira msika wapadziko lonse ndi chosavuta."Zonse zimatengera mtengo wake," adatero Goss."Msika woyendera dzuwa umakonda kuyendetsedwa ndiukadaulo wotchipa kwambiri."
Silicon ya Crystalline imawononga pafupifupi $ 0.24 mpaka $ 0.25 kuti ipange watt iliyonse yamphamvu yadzuwa, yomwe ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi ena, adatero.Solar Yoyamba idati sichinenanso za mtengo wapa-watt kuti ipange mapanelo ake a cadmium telluride, kungoti ndalama "zatsika kwambiri" kuyambira 2015 - pomwe kampaniyo.lipoti mtengo wa $0.46 pa watt- ndikupitirizabe kutsika chaka chilichonse.Pali zifukwa zingapo za kutsika mtengo kwa silicon.Polysilicon yaiwisi, yomwe imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamakompyuta ndi mafoni am'manja, imapezeka kwambiri komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa ma cadmium ndi telluride.Pamene mafakitale a mapanelo a silicon ndi zinthu zina zofananira zakwera, ndalama zonse zopangira ndi kuyika ukadaulo zatsika.Boma la China lilinso kwambirikuthandizidwa ndi kuthandizidwadziko silikoni dzuwa gawo - kwambiri kutipafupifupi 80 peresentimakampani opanga ma solar padziko lonse lapansi tsopano akudutsa ku China.
Kutsika kwamitengo ya ma solar kwapangitsa kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhale lokwera kwambiri.Pazaka khumi zapitazi, mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa padziko lonse lapansi zawonjezeka mowirikiza kakhumi, kuchoka pa ma megawati 74,000 mu 2011 kufika pafupifupi ma megawati 714,000 mu 2020.Malinga ndiBungwe la International Renewable Energy Agency.Dziko la United States ndilo gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi awiri a dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo dzuwa ndilo tsopanoimodzi mwamagwero akuluakuluza mphamvu zatsopano zamagetsi zomwe zimayikidwa ku US chaka chilichonse.
Mtengo wa watt pa watt wa cadmium telluride ndi matekinoloje ena opyapyala amayembekezerekanso kuchepa pamene kupanga kukukulirakulira.(Choyamba Solar akutikuti pamene malo ake atsopano a Ohio atsegulidwa, kampaniyo idzapereka mtengo wotsika kwambiri pa watt pa msika wonse wa dzuwa.) Koma mtengo siwokhawo womwe umakhala wofunika, monga momwe makampaniwa akugwirira ntchito panopa komanso nkhawa za ogwira ntchito zimamveka bwino.
Mark Widmar, CEO wa First Solar, adati kukulitsa komwe kampaniyo idakonza $680 miliyoni ndi gawo la ntchito yayikulu yomanga njira yodzipezera yokha komanso "kuchepetsa" msika wa solar waku US kuchokera ku China.Ngakhale mapanelo a cadmium telluride sagwiritsa ntchito polysilicon iliyonse, First Solar yamvanso zovuta zina zomwe makampaniwa akukumana nazo, monga miliri yobwera chifukwa cha miliri pamakampani otumiza panyanja.M'mwezi wa Epulo, First Solar idauza osunga ndalama kuti kusokonekera pamadoko aku America kunali kunyamula katundu kuchokera kumalo ake ku Asia.Kuchulukitsa kupanga kwa US kudzalola kampaniyo kugwiritsa ntchito misewu ndi njanji kutumiza mapanelo ake, osati zombo zonyamula katundu, Widmar adatero.Ndipo pulojekiti yomwe kampaniyo ilipo yobwezeretsanso ma solar ake amalola kuti igwiritsenso ntchito zida mobwerezabwereza, ndikuchepetsanso kudalira maunyolo ndi zida zakunja.
Monga Solar Yoyamba imatulutsa mapanelo, asayansi pakampaniyo ndi NREL akupitiliza kuyesa ndikusintha ukadaulo wa cadmium telluride.Mu 2019, abwenziadapanga njira yatsopanozomwe zimaphatikizapo "doping" filimu yopyapyala yokhala ndi mkuwa ndi chlorine kuti ikwaniritse bwino kwambiri.Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi uno, NRELadalengeza zotsatiraya mayeso a zaka 25 panyumba yake yakunja ku Golden, Colorado.Gulu la 12 la mapanelo a cadmium telluride anali akugwira ntchito pa 88 peresenti ya mphamvu yake yoyambirira, zotsatira zamphamvu za gulu lomwe lakhala panja kwazaka zopitilira makumi awiri.Kuwonongeka "kukugwirizana ndi zomwe machitidwe a silicon amachita," malinga ndi kutulutsidwa kwa NREL.
Mansfield, wasayansi wa NREL, adati cholinga sikulowa m'malo mwa crystalline silicon ndi cadmium telluride kapena kukhazikitsa ukadaulo wina wapamwamba kuposa wina."Ndikuganiza kuti pali malo awo onse pamsika, ndipo aliyense ali ndi zofunsira," adatero."Tikufuna kuti mphamvu zonse zipite kuzinthu zongowonjezwdwa, chifukwa chake timafunikira mitundu yonse yaukadaulo kuti tithane ndi vutoli."
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-17-2021